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The Plantation of Ulster (; Ulster-Scots: ''Plantin o Ulstèr'')〔(MONEA CASTLE and DERRYGONNELLY CHURCH (Ulster-Scots translation) ) NI DoE.〕 was the organised colonisation (''plantation'') of Ulstera province of Irelandby people from Great Britain during the reign of King James I. Most of the colonists came from Scotland and England. Small private plantation by wealthy landowners began in 1606,〔 while the official plantation began in 1609. An estimated half a million acres (2,000 km²) spanning counties Tyrconnell, Tyrone, Fermanagh, Cavan, Coleraine and Armagh,〔T. A. Jackson, p. 51.〕 was confiscated from Gaelic chiefs, most of whom had fled Ireland in the 1607 Flight of the Earls. Most of counties Antrim and Down were privately colonised.〔 Colonising Ulster with loyal settlers was seen as a way to prevent further rebellion, as it had been the region most resistant to English control during the preceding century. King James wanted the Plantation to be "a civilising enterprise" that would settle Protestants in Ulster, a land that was mainly Gaelic-speaking and of the Catholic faith. The Lord Deputy of Ireland, Arthur Chichester, also saw the Plantation as a scheme to anglicise the Irish.〔According to the Lord Deputy Chichester, the plantation would 'separate the Irish by themselves...(they would ), in heart in tongue and every way else become English', Padraig Lenihan, Consolidating Conquest, Ireland, 1603-1727, p43,〕 Accordingly, the colonists (or "British tenants")〔Edmund Curtis, p. 198.〕〔T.W Moody & F.X. Martin, p. 190.〕 were required to be English-speaking and Protestant.〔(BBC History – The Plantation of Ulster – Religion )〕 Some of the undertakers and colonists however were Catholic and it has been suggested that a significant number of the Scots spoke Gaelic. The Scottish colonists were mostly Presbyterian〔 and the English mostly members of the Church of England. The Plantation of Ulster was the biggest of the Plantations of Ireland. ==Ulster before plantation== Prior to its conquest in the Nine Years War of the 1590s, Ulster had been the most Gaelic part of Ireland, a province existing largely outside English control.〔R. R. Madden, ''The United Irishmen, Their Lives and Times'' Vol 1, J.Madden & Co (London 1845), Pg. 2-5.〕 The area was underdeveloped by mainland European standards of the time, and it possessed few towns or villages.〔Cyril Falls: ''The Birth of Ulster''.London, Constable and Company Ltd. 1996. Pages 11-12. P. Robinson ''The Plantation of Ulster''. Belfast, Ulster Historical Foundation. 2000. Page 28. Dr. I. Adamson: ''The Identity of Ulster''. Bangor, Pretani Press. Third Impression, 1995. Page 11.〕 Throughout the 16th century, Ulster was viewed by the English as being "underpopulated" and undeveloped.〔See J. Bardon: ''A History of Ulster.'' Belfast, Blackstaff Press. New Updated Edition, 2001. Page 75. D.A. Chart: ''A History of Northern Ireland''. The Educational Co. Ltd., 1928, page 18.〕 An early attempt at plantation of the north of Ireland in the 1570s on the east coast of Ulster by Walter Devereux, 1st Earl of Essex, had failed (see Plantations of Ireland). Many of the Gaelic Irish lived by "creaghting" (seasonal migration with their cattle) and, as a result, permanent habitations were uncommon.〔P. Robinson ''The Plantation of Ulster''. Belfast, Ulster Historical Foundation. 2000. Page 34. Cyril Falls: ''The Birth of Ulster''. London, Constable and Company Ltd. 1996. Page 12. M. Perceval-Maxwell: ''The Scottish Migration to Ulster in the Reign of James 1.'' Belfast, Ulster Historical Foundation. 1999. Page 16.〕 The wars fought among Gaelic clans and between the Gaelic and English undoubtedly contributed to depopulation.〔J. Bardon: ''A History of Ulster.'' Belfast, Blackstaff Press. New Updated Edition, 2001. Pages 76-79, 80-83. Prof. Nicholas Canny. ("Reaction of the Natives" ), BBC. 〕 By 1600 (before the worst atrocities of the Nine Years War) Ulster's total adult population according to Perceval-Maxwell was only 25,000 to 40,000 people.〔M. Perceval-Maxwell: ''The Scottish Migration to Ulster in the Reign of James 1.'' Belfast, Ulster Historical Foundation. 1999. Page 17.〕 The 16th century English conquest of Ireland was made piece by piece starting in the reign of Henry VIII (1509–1547) and only was completed after sustained warfare in the reign of Elizabeth I (1558–1603). During these wars the force of the semi-independent chieftains was broken.〔''History of Ireland in the Eighteenth Century''vol 1, by W. E. H. Lecky, Longmans, Greens and Co. (London), Pg.4-6 (cabinet ed., 5 vols., London, 1892).〕 The Nine Years War of 1594-1603 provided the immediate background to the Plantation. A confederation of northern Gaelic Chieftains, led by Hugh O'Neill, resisted the imposition of English government in Ulster. Following an extremely costly series of campaigns by the English, including massacre and use of ruthless scorched earth tactics, the Nine Years War ended in 1603 with the surrender of Hugh O'Neill's and Hugh O'Donnell's forces at the Treaty of Mellifont.〔Padraig Lenihan, Consolidating Conquest, Ireland 1603-1727, p18-23〕 The terms of surrender granted to the rebels were generous, with the principal condition that lands formerly contested by feudal right and Brehon law be held under English law.〔Colm Lennon, Sixteenth Century Ireland, the Incomplete Conquest, p301-302〕 However, when Hugh O'Neill and other rebel chieftains left Ireland in the Flight of the Earls (1607) to seek Spanish help for a new rebellion, Lord Deputy Arthur Chichester seized their lands and prepared to colonise the province in a plantation. This would have included large grants of land to native Irish lords who had sided with the English during the war, for example Niall Garve O'Donnell. However, the plan was interrupted by the rebellion in 1608 of Sir Cahir O'Doherty of Inishowen, who captured and burned the town of Derry. The brief rebellion was suppressed by Sir Richard Wingfield at the Battle of Kilmacrennan. After O'Doherty's death his lands in Inishowen were granted out by the state, and eventually escheated to the Crown. This episode prompted Chichester to expand his plans to expropriate the legal titles of all native landowners in the province.〔Lenihan p 44-45〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Plantation of Ulster」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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